Electrochemical affinity biosensors have the potential to facilitate the development of multipoint-of-care diagnostics in complex biological fluids. However, problems such as electrode biofouling and lack of unique redox properties have hindered their commercial viability. To address these unmet needs, we have developed a unique universal nanocomposite coating that not only allows directional conjugation of biorecognition elements, but also allows direct specific detection in complex biological fluids such as serum and urine due to its built-in antifouling capabilities. Developed it. Redox functionality improves suitability for point-of-care testing. This multifunctional coating consists of embedded graphene nanosheets modified with aminoferrocene for enhanced conductivity and mediator-free biosensing and a 3D porous cross-linked bovine serum albumin matrix for directional bonding and antifouling properties. The coatings showed minimal signal degradation despite prolonged exposure to 1% bovine serum albumin, artificial urine, and untreated human serum for up to 30 days. To demonstrate its utility, we fabricated and tested a proof-of-concept electrochemical immunosensor for bladder cancer protein biomarkers, specifically interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The practical feasibility was highlighted by the excellent sensitivity and specificity observed for IL-8 and VEGF, with detection limits of 41 pg/mL and 67 pg/mL, respectively. As a result, this universal nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensing platform can be expanded to point-of-care testing for a wide range of biomarkers present in complex biological fluids, enabling reliable early diagnosis.
Universal nanocomposite coating with antifouling and redox capabilities for electrochemical affinity biosensing in complex biological fluids
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